Industrial Revolution facts, information Essay

industrial enterprise is a period in which machines take name instead of men. It is the period in which machines do take form once done by humans. This is basically duration period from which the agrarian society transform into an industrial society.BackgroundIndustrialisation took place in the mid(prenominal) of 18th century to early 19th century in mainly Europe and North the States starting in Great Britain followed by Germany, Belgium, and France. During this time period industries played a vital social function in the urbanization of Europe. It was a shift from inelegant work to industrial labor. Mostly labor in advance industrialization employ to work on their own, things were mostly handmade which took many time and labor. Industrialisation helped the curt people community in different aspects of saving time as well as energy. The transformation from an country economy to industrial economy is known as Industrial Revolution.Industrialisation had played the vital ut ilization in the construction of new society in Europe. As industrialization changed scenario of society but withal bring devastation to the society because Capitalism emerged during industrialization which made rich community more richer and poor community poorer. Howard Zinn once said Capitalism has been always the missure for the lower air divisiones. It is now beginning to fail for the middle class. Such various observers as Karl Marx and mile Durkheim cited the alienation and anomie of individual workers set about by seemingly meaningless tasks and rapidly altering goals. The fragmentation of the extended family and community tended to isolate individuals and to correct traditional values. By the very mechanism of growth, industrialism appears to create a new strain of poverty, whose victims for a mutation of reasons are unable to compete according to the rules of the industrial order. In the major industrialise nations of the late twentieth century, such developments as automated technology, an expanding service sector, and increasing suburbanization signaled what some observers called the emergence of a postindustrial society.Industrialisation in Thomas terribleys young Tess Of The DUbbervillesWhen Thomas Hardy was born in 1840, agriculture was the most classic assiduity in England, employing roughly 20% of the labor force. By 1900, however, agricultural workers comprised less than 10% of the total workforce. Hardy witnessed some(prenominal) of this hardship as a child growing up in Dorsetwhich would later become his model for Wessex. Hardys Dorset was, in concomitant, the poorest and least industrialized county in Britain, and the farm laborers led difficult, often unrewarding lives. Laborers toiled from six oclock in the dawn until six oclock at night in the summer and from the scratch light until autumn in the winter. It was not uncommon to find women and children in the fields their labor was frequently used as the cheap substitute for mens. Their diet was monotonous and meagerbread, bacon and cheese, and only occasionally milk. They drank beer and tea, and those who could not generate tea would soak burnt toast in water. In addition, the living conditions of many of these laborers were horrendous. Many lived in squalor and did not have the money to improve their condition. In 1851, there were half a gazillion such laborers in England.Thomas Hardys Tess of the dUrbervilles (1891) contains complex and detailed interrogations of many twee values and of the capitalist culture of his time. This novel is a fierce condemnation of the social, ethical, moral, religious, and political values held by the majority of Hardys cultural elite contemporaries in England. The most obvious voice of Hardys cultural criticism is his assertion in the novels subtitle that Tess is A Pure Woman. By traditional Victorian standards, Tess is a fallen woman and as such is considered disgraced goods suitable for the lowest bidder. H ardy is radically departing from these values by proclaiming Tesss purity and virtue even so though she has had sexual relations outside of marriage. It is, therefore, not surprising that initial reaction to the novel was exceedingly negative.This cultural criticism is one of Hardys many challenges to the social conventions and values of his time ensnare within this text. Tesss struggle with Alec is both a gender and a class conflict. The text uses Tesss relationship with Alec to expose the similarities and interconnections between a mans physical and emotional conquering of a woman, on the one hand, and a more powerful social classs economic oppression and destruction of a weaker class, on the other. Hardys Tess laments the destruction of the independent rural artisan class and blames nouveaux rich capitalist society for this degradation. Hardy goes on to condemn the industrialization of agricultural work because of what he views as the extremely destructive impact of technolog y and mechanization upon the quality of the rural workers lives. Hardy is wantwise extremely critical of organized Christianity in several places throughout the novel, including the scene in which Sorrow is very denied a Christian burial. Hardy also raises questions about the injustice and inequality of a legal system, which finds Alec impoverished of any wrongdoing but sentences Tess to death.Hardy clearly defines Tess as a member of the independent rural artisan class, a group whose way of life as a whole he asserts is at risk of extinction and whose quality of life is in decline due to capitalist economic forces and the industrialization of agricultural labor. He writes The village had formerly contained, side by side with the agricultural labourers, an kindle and better-informed class, ranking distinctly above the former the class to which Tesss father and make had belonged and including the carpenter, the smith, the shoemaker, the huckster, together with nondescript wo rkers other than farm-labourers a set of people who owed a certain stability of aim and conduct to the fact of their being life-holders like Tesss father, or copyholders, or, occasionally, small free-holders. But as the long holdings fell in they were seldom again let to similar tenants, and were mostly pulled down. (435)Hardys description of Alecs family embodies all that Hardy maintains is wrong with capitalist nouveau riche society there, money and status are more rich and significant than people. Industrialisation in Charles Dicken novel David Copper FieldCharles John Huffam Dickens was born on 7 February 1812 in Portsmouth, the second of eight children. When he was nine years old his father was jug for debt and all of the family except for young Charles were sent to Marshalsea, the debtors prison. Charles instead went to work in a blacking factory and suffered for the first time hand the appalling conditions, loneliness, and despair. During his lifetime he died in June 187 0 industrialization dramatically reshaped Britain, the population of capital of the United Kingdom tripled and he saw the birth of the railways, the telegraph, and the steamship.He used his novels to bring to attention the social ills and abuses of Victorian England in such a way that the general public could relate and react to. For example, Oliver Twist attacked the workhouse system and envisioned a criminal netherclass that captured the publics imagination. In David Copperfield and Great Expectations, he drew on his early experiences of the debtors prison and the blacking factory. He exposed the brutal Yorkshire schools in Nicholas Nickleby and the inadequacies of the law in Pickwick cover and Bleak House.The main reasons, therefore, were the mostly bad living conditions of the lower classes in factory cities, the automation of industry and the long birth surplus in the country all throughout Great Britain. Furthermore, there were waves of migration into the huge cities and m ore and more capitalists that could be found in parliament, widely supporting political industrialization, completely neglecting the on the job(p) conditions of their employees.In the Early Victorian Social Novel (1830 1850), the industrial system was to blame for the bad living conditions of the workers. However, it was not considered an abstract but rather manifested itself in individuals, like good and bad factory owners, creditworthy and coercive ones. And there was an unshakeable belief in morality and that those who were bad could be converted to good ones, those who were irresponsible could be made responsible. The authors at that time drew less attention to the details of the world of work and its machines, but rather preferred the depiction of physically and mentally injured people, because of their work. Therefore many metaphors were used to describe the prevailing social conditions, such as Jungle of Work, Prison of Work or Subjugation of the worker through the machine .Thinking of Social Criticism, huge institutions in society, like workhouses, industrialized cities or even certain governmental systems might occur to ones point in the first place. But many people forget that the smallest institution in society is the family. And the first socio-critical element in David Copperfield to begin with shall be the family itself. Therefore one has to know that families in the 19th century, oddly in higher social classes, were organized completely differently than families are today. Usually, the husband was the big party boss in the house, whereas the woman had to be the good housewife and mother who had to obey her husband. And the children, above all boys, normally were educated very strictly, and once out of the age in which they had to be cared for by their mother, they were completely under their fathers control and influence. Dickens now wants to criticize this more or less unfashionable position in his novel, but therefore he has to set up th e right situation.The orphanhood was an important topic at the time of industrialism because many parents had to work very hard and there were bad workings conditions in the factories or workhouses. Subsequently, the parents were often physically worn out, many mothers not rarely died during or suddenly after the birth of their children, and many fathers often died during their difficult, inhuman and most dangerous work. And the children they left were orphans, many of them understood too young to care for themselves and facing a world they were not ready for, yet.And this topic of the orphanage is also raised in David Copperfield. As already Davids father is dead yet and his mother dies shortly after the birth of her second child, presumably suffering from the tortures of her cruel husband.Dickens was not the first novelist to draw the attention of the reading public to the deprivation of the lower classes in England, but he was much more successful than his predecessors in exp osing the ills of the industrial society including class division, poverty, bad sanitation, privilege and meritocracy and the experience of the metropolis. In common with many nineteenth-century authors, Dickens used the novel as a repository of social conscience.The novel directs this ironical attack at the Victorian public opinion, which was either unaware or condoned such treatment of poor children. Dickens was critical about the Victorian education system, which is reflected not only in Nicholas Nickleby, Hard Times and Our Mutual Friend but also in his journalism and public speeches. As a boy, he was shocked to read reports about the cheap boarding schools in the North. In Nicholas Nickleby Dickens describes inglorious practices in Yorkshire boarding schools. However, Dickens does not only criticise the malicious education system, but he is primarily concerned with the fates of these unfortunate children who are representatives of the most vulnerable portion of the society.