U03d2 Process Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U03d2 Process Analysis - Essay Example s a very organized and effective manner of testing how the processes are completed and the step by step process involved in completion of the processes. There are a few steps that are constant for almost all businesses while performing a process analysis. These include the definition and objective of the study, followed by a detailed documentation of the performance measures used within an organization and a thorough assessment and performance evaluation of the processes. Also the main step that is included is the development of the recommendations for the company and how the company can improve the overall processes in a more effective and efficient manner (Walker & Carayon, 2009). There are a number of companies and organizations that use this on a regular basis to help ensure that the processes are value adding rather than in any manner useless for the overall effectiveness of the company. Also the main intension of the process analysis is to use the best and most effective method while also concentrating on the possible errors and mistakes. There are also a number of tools that are present that can be applied to the health care management to ensure that all the processes are clear and well developed. Considering the various tools and based on the needs of the health care industry, it is clear that one of the tools that will help with the overall objective of the organization is mistake proofing and the Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA). This can be applied to the industry and the organization and processes can be improved to help eliminate the mistakes and errors in the overall operations. A health care sector requires extra care and effort to ensure that the mistakes are nil as the serious nature of the service. Hence implementing the Failure mode and effects analysis model as well as the mistake proofing will help ensure a safer and more effective place for the customers and the general public as well (Jeston & Nelis, 2008). The use of these

Parents transition guide to college PowerPoint Presentation

Parents transition guide to college - PowerPoint Presentation Example It is in this context that Irvine Valley College has released Parent’s transition guide to the college. The need of transition guidance is well established by the fact that there is massive difference between school life and college life. The guidelines suggest parents of disabled children to have a prior orientation on the campus by physically going around the campus and analyse the adaptability of their children. The institution has a specialised department for the specific needs of physically challenged students called The Disabled Students Programs and Services Department. This department ensures personalised assistance and attention for each student. However, this service comes from the realisation that the needs of each student differ from that of others’. According to the intensity and extend of impairment the service of the department will be customised and delivered. One of the important factors which is highly dependent on the physical condition of the student is the accommodation. In Irvine Valley College, the Disabled Students Programs and Services Department ensures to provide the appropriate type of accommodation for the concerned student.

Materials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Materials - Essay Example The main differences occur in the mixtures that were made and used in the construction of the structures. For structure A, a water concrete ratio of o.4 has been applied while for structure B, water concrete ratio of 0.45 is applied. Structure B applied a higher ratio of water to cement than structure A. This indicates that structure B will be stronger that structure A. In structure B 8% of silica fume is applied. Silica fume enhances strength and durability to the concrete (Yudelson, Jerry). The concrete used for structure B is, therefore highly durable. For structure A, 30% fly ash was mixed with the cement. This may not add as much durability as compared to the addition of silica fume. For structure A epoxy coated rebar is used at 5% volume for reinforcement while structure B applies black steel rebar at 4%. For reinforcement, we can therefore say that structure A is better than structure B. structure A has used 15.5 liters of inhibitor free while structure B has used 10 liters. T his indicates that structure A is more protected from corrosion effects than structure B. According to the results provided, the cost of both structures will be increasing as time goes on but the rate of increase for structure A will be a bit higher than that of structure B. the results indicate that the location of structure A is more stable than that of structure

Strategic Direction of Harley Davidson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Direction of Harley Davidson - Essay Example It has been recommended that the best way forward for Harley-Davidson is to expand overseas and outsource its production and assembly lines, especially in emerging economies like China and India. To its credit, the company’s management has already been making efforts in this direction. Summary of Strategic Direction & the Balanced Scorecard From the analysis of the company’s own strengths and weaknesses, as well as the opportunities and threats to the motorcycle industry at large and the heavy motorbike segment in particular, it has been suggested that the best way forward for Harley- Davidson at this juncture is to expand overseas in emerging economies like China and India and also to think of setting up production and assembly lines for the local manufacture or assembly of H-D motorcycles. This will not only help lower costs, as Asian labor is cheaper than the American or European equivalent but also to increase market size, revenues and profits. The recessionary tren d in Western economies makes to difficult to achieve sales and profit goals there. It is therefore recommended to spread the risks and even create a production or assembly hub in Asia, from where finished products can be transported to areas where there is a demand for them. Coming to the matter of the Balanced Scorecard, this will compare actual results attained to an agreed target value for financial and non-financial measures, such as Financial, Customer, Internal Processes and Learning and Growth. For H-D’s agreed best-recommended strategy, we could have actual sales in units and type of motorbike, revenues and profits earned, type of customers targeted in terms of earning capacity and lifestyle, costs and expenses to set up production/ assembly plants in India and China and comparison of common and differentiating factors relating to customer choices, culture, purchase behavior and lifestyle in different areas of the globe. Stakeholder Interests Of course, in todayâ€⠄¢s environment, a company has a number of different stakeholders and each of them have different interests in the company and its operations. For example, creditors and banks would like to see that it has enough revenues and profitability to cover its interest payments, as well as make the required installments of principal and interest at the agreed date and rates. They would also look at the debt and equity balance before deciding to lend. Shareholders would expect a return in terms of capital gains and dividends. Employees would be looking for job stability and a fair wage. In this way, Harley Davidson has to satisfy the interests of various stakeholders at the same time. Company History, Purpose & Goals Harley Davidson Inc. was started by a group of friends and entrepreneurs at the beginning of the 1900s. The name of the company is, in fact, a combination of the two families which combined their skills and efforts to get the business off the ground.  

Management Concepts Temasek Holdings Essay Example for Free

Management Concepts Temasek Holdings Essay 1.0 Introduction Temasek Holdings is a large investment company based in Singapore. It is an active participator in the investment game, holding shares and investments in a broad range of industries all over the world. As with many companies all over the world, Temasek Holdings was affected strongly by the Global Financial Crisis, losing more than 30 per cent of the value of their portfolio (Schmermerhorn, J. Davidson, P. Poole, D. Simon, A. Woods, P Chau, S.L. 2011). Temasek’s CEO Ho Ching has been criticised for the investment losses that occurred during the economic crisis, and must now lead the company through the increased turbulence that has been presented to them. In doing so, a potential issue that Temasek Holdings is currently facing is one of leadership. If correct management processes regarding leadership are not applied, the company could face even worse consequences. To ensure that leadership does not become an issue, Ho Ching must apply effective leadership techniques to Temasek Holdings. This report will investigate various leadership options, determining an adequate approach to leadership that will assist this company in being successful in the future. Two leadership models will be assessed in-depth. It is expected that both will assist the company in continuing in the long-term, however one option will be more suitable and beneficial to Temasek Holdings. 2.0 Literature Themes or Arguments As Temasek’s CEO has recently come under fire for her stability in leadership, it is apparent that a change must be made in the way the company is managed if they are to successfully remain with the same CEO. Leadership is fundamental in regular circumstances, but it is even more essential to the business through periods of instability, making it vitally important to the livelihood of the company to apply appropriate management procedures. It is impossible for a set of specific characteristics to define whether or not someone is a good leader, however some certain personal traits have been identified as being common among successful leaders: drive, self-confidence, creativity, cognitive ability, business knowledge, motivation, flexibility, honesty and integrity. (Schmermerhorn, J. Et al. 2011). Vision and power are also vital to good leadership; however all of these things are not achieved in the same way. Many different behavioural theories have been produced in an attempt to define good leadership styles. A widely used model of management is Fred Fiedler’s contingency model. Fiedler’s theory looks at matching various types of people to various situations, somewhat of an either/or concept. It is based on the fact that someone’s style of leadership is personality-based, thus making it difficult to change. Rather, the Fiedler model suggests putting people of specific leadership styles with situations that match that style, rather than trying to change their personal leadership style, to achieve success (Wang, Victor C X; Berger, Jim 2010, pg. 6). Fiedler classifies people into two leadership styles: relations-orientated and task-orientated. Relations-orientated people are defined as â€Å"a person who is motivated to seek prominence in interpersonal relations, who is concerned with good relations with others, who is considerate in his interaction with group members, and who tends to reduce anxiety and increase the personal adjustment of his co-workers,† (Hill, Walter. 1969, pg. 34) whereas a task-orientated person is characterised to be someone who â€Å"rejects those with whom he cannot work, and obtains need gratification and self-esteem from performance of the task. He is, therefore, concerned with performing the task and he is willing to relegate interpersonal relations to a secondary position† (Hill, Walter. 1969, pg. 35) Exhibit I (Hill, Walter. 1969, pg. 36) above shows how relations-oriented and task-oriented people are determined, through leader-member relationships, leader position power and task structure. It does this by determining how well a person interacts with people (relations) and how dedicated they are to tasks. According to Hill (1969), this model is effective and further tests done corroborate with Fiedler’s findings, making it an accurate model. Hill noted that there are so many variables that sometimes it is difficult to calculate the exact leadership style that is appropriate for someone; however it is useful as it helps to assign leaders to specific tasks and delegate how efficient leadership should be achieved. In regards to Temasek, it should be established what â€Å"type† of leader Ching is, and the company would need to work with that before any leadership goals should be established. Another common model is the Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership Theory (SLT). It is widely used in the business sector and was developed by Paul Hersey and Kenneth H. Blanchard. This model is based upon leaders adjusting their styles based on the maturity of their followers, which is indicated by the â€Å"readiness† (how able and willing or confident) of followers (Schmermerhorn, J. Et al. 2011). When maturity (psychologically and performance-wise) is reached, it means a reduction in support and guidance can occur, instilling a positive indication of trust and confidence. A manager must look at employees and evaluate how best to perform a certain task in a certain situation, and when the situation changes, the leadership style previously used may not be as successful in the new situation (Hambleton, Ronald K; Gumpert, Ray. 1982, pg 227). Again, leadership styles are defined as relationship-orientated and task-orientated, however in this model leadership styles are classified into four groups: delegating, participating, selling and telling. This model is beneficial to companies as it has various different types of stages based on top of the classification of relations-orientated and task-orientated leadership (Figure 1). It breaks down the two types further, into the four types above, thus making it easier to classify. Again, however, variables come into play, and it can be seen from various research that the SLT model does have its limitations. Goodson (1989) states that when further studies have been conducted on this model, the main classifier of groups (â€Å"maturity† or competence) makes almost no difference to the leadership style of a person (Goodson, Jane R; McGee, Gail W; Cashman, James F. 1989, pg. 446). Also, Goodson established that in these tests no actual measure of maturity and/or readiness was really possible when conducting research on the SLT model, making it difficult to say for certain whether the model can be effective. Furthermore, Blank (1990) makes further reference to the fact that there is little to no research supporting this model in his studies, saying that both basing the research on the main factor (maturity) as well as more complex methods, little support was found to corroborate with the main theorems of the model (Blank, Warren; Weitzel, John R; Green, Stephen G. 1990, pg. 579). false 3.0 Recommendations In the case of Temasek Holdings, it can be said that adopting a new leadership approach will be entirely beneficial for the company. No information is given as to what current leadership styles are used, but the amount of criticism being received currently illustrates that a change is needed. Of the two leadership theories discussed, it can be said that both have negative and positive points, as with any business directive. Fiedler’s model uses three determining factors: leader-member relationships, leader position power and task structure, to determine how a leadership style will work effectively. This is essentially beneficial to a business as it allows more than one factor to determine a leadership style, giving a more accurate description of what leadership style will fit a situation. This model was also corroborated with research conducted by Hill (1969) who conducted a study that demonstrated that Fiedler’s was almost always effective in the workplace. However, there were limitations in regards to variables. As every person is so different personality-wise there is a large number of variables, not all of which can be categorised. Because of this, some variables may be missed or excluded, but overall the final result does not change, making the model very effective. The second theory, Hersey-Blanchard’s SLT, uses maturity as the basis of calculating how a leadership style will be effective. This could be effective to some extent, however both Goodson (1989) and Blank (1990) argue that just one determining factor is not enough to warrant an effective model. The model is beneficial as it breaks down leadership styles into four obvious categories; the problem is determining which personality fits into these categories. No clear measure of maturity is possible, making it difficult to categorise leadership styles. Goodson (1989) also states that maturity and competence has no real effect on leadership styles. Looking at these results, it can be recommended that for Temasek Holdings to continue operating at a high level, the Fiedler model of contingency should be used as a model for assigning leadership tasks. Giving every leader in a business tasks based on their personality is advantageous as it means instead of the person working with something they are not specifically styled for, they are able to be fit with tasks that suit them. Overall, this will make a significant change both in employee satisfaction (workers are doing jobs that suit their personality style, thus making them more content) as well as production, as the leadership style they are assigned will work well for them. Models by Hill (1969) are further evidence that this model does indeed work, and that it can bring positive effects to Temasek in the future. If Temasek Holdings chooses to operate within this leadership model, criticism for the way the business is run will be lessened. Both in the short and long term this form of leadership will be beneficial to the company, affecting both large positions (for example, the CEO Ho Ching) as well as smaller managers within the company. The research shows that this is the best model for Temasek to use to bring it the most success in the future.

Bats Echolocation Essay Example for Free

Bats Echolocation Essay Echolocation is the art which is utilized by many animals in the detection of their pray and for navigational purposes. These animals are generally not equipped with eyes that are functionally advanced to the extent that makes them a good predator in their habitat. Common examples of such animals are Bats, dolphins, whales etc.   Such animals emit an ultrasonic signal into the environment and sense the signal that returns back after striking from the surroundings. This enables them to appreciate what waits ahead of them, its range, size etc. In short echolocation works exactly like modern day sonar in which the animal makes an estimate of the range of the pray by calculating the time interval between its own emission of the sound and the echoes that return back. Bats use echolocation signals that range in the frequency from   14kHz to 1000khz (Neuweiler 245) .These signals are thus well out of the range of human ear to hear which is capable to decipher audio signals falling between the frequency of 20 Hz -20,000 Hz .. Studies have indicated that bats have a very characteristic pattern of hunting by echolocation that can be divided into four phases namely search phase, approach phase, terminal buzz and the post buzz phase. All these phases differ in their band width and inter pulse duration. When a bat is in flying smoothly in search of it’s pray it is said to be in the search phase which is characterized by pulses which have a comparatively low pulse repetition rate, a higher pulse duration and inter-pulse interval . When the pray is detected the signal is changed to the approach phase in which the interval between the pulses decreases to about 33 ms. Just before the capture of the pray most of the echo locating bats emit a terminal buzz, which has further decreased inter-pulse interval. The terminal buzz phase can also be divided into a Buzz I and Buzz II phase. Irrespective of the fact that a prey capture attempt is successful or not the same pattern of phases is repeated again during the course a bat is flying in search of its pray. To tell more simply the usual signals in the search phase are well separated and have a lesser rate/sec as compared to the signals which are released when the bat has spotted and is just approaching its target.   The pattern of the phases are however different which would be discussed later in the same article. One may be wondering what makes these animals utilize such advanced mechanisms to hunt for their pray. The answer lies in the fact that bats are provided with a highly sensitive inner ear (The part of the ear that detects and transmits hearing impulses to higher centers in the nervous system). In the same way bats have a very advanced auditory cortex in order to interpret these signals (Grinnell 25). Numerous studies have been conducted on the echolocation pattern of the bats; below it the summaries of some selected studies which would enable the readers in a better understanding of the topic. Although it is an extremely vast topic yet every effort is made to provide the summaries of recent five researches 1) Effects of successful capture attempt versus unsuccessful capture attempt on post-buzz period: Adam et al in their study demonstrated the effect of a successful catch over an unsuccessful attempt on the post-Buzz period. Post Buzz period is the interval that follows the terminal buzz till the usual pattern of the pulses, search phase is restarted. According to this study the post-buzz phase was significantly greater after successful attempts as compared to unsuccessful attempts.206 ±112.3ms for successful attempts and 106.2 ± 83.3 ms for unsuccessful attempts. This increase in the post-buzz period has been attributed to time that is required in the handling of the pray. Similar studies have indicated increase in post-buzz time upon the successful capture of the pray (Kalko 225). However the post-buzz time was shorter in this study than that found in that found by Adam et al possibly due to the use of smaller insects. So the pray size is also a determining factor in the duration of post-buzz interval. Similar results were obtained by a study done by Annemarie, Vibeke and Jakob Tougaard from the University of Southern Denmark. In addition to the calculation of post-buzz time for successful and unsuccessful attempts they also calculated the post-buzz periods for touches also, i.e. when a bat is unsuccessful in capturing the prey yet its body parts slightly touch the prey in flight. Similar to the previous studies the post-buzz period was greatest in successful catches 272.2 ms and shortest in unsuccessful attempts, 117.9 ms and almost a middle value in case of touches i.e. 181.2 ms. 2. Effect of the size of prey on the bat’s response time One might think that it makes sense if we say that larger prays are detected from a longer distance as compared to prays of smaller size. But in actual studies this belief has been negated. One of the studies indicated that there was no significant effect of the size of the pray on the reaction time of bats. The mean time from detection till attempted capture was 604 ±141 ms (Britton 1796). Similar results were found by Acharya and Fenton in their study titled â€Å"Echolocation behavior of vespertilionid bats attacking airborne targets including arctiid moths† 3. Echolocation frequency of bat species and its relation with geographical habitat: In a lot number of studies the interesting phemenon of the relationship between specific bat frequencies to their habitat was demonstrated. Gareth Jones and Sofie M. V Parijs demonstrated the presence of both high frequency and low frequency Pipistrelus bats in Britain. The echolocation signals of the low frequency bats were never found to exceed 52 KHz while that of the high frequency bats were usually above 52 KHz (Jones 123). They attributed this frequency difference to their geographical habitats.   In recordings from Scotland the high frequency bats which were found to be 71% clearly dominated the low frequency bats.   Thus it was concluded that in a particular geographical area different phenotypic bats having nearly similar echolocation frequencies of the same specie can exist and the change in frequency is not exhibited by the same phenotype which change its frequency according to ecological conditions. 4) Echolocation studies in Dolphins: Dolphins appear to have a lot more advanced echolocation system as compared to bats. They listen to their pray and then use echolocation signals to get more information about the pray (Harley 62). There is also a possibility that dolphins use echolocation signals for communication purposes as well this was proposed by Brownlee. Conclusion: Keeping in view the diversified studies that have been done on the echolocation patterns of bats one finds himself amazed to see what is known and highly curious about what is yet to be found out. Future works can target coding bat species according to their echolocation frequencies. Although this is not going to be an easy job but it is going to open windows to new dimensions of research. Through this coding an attribution to the geographical location of the bats can also be made.

Impact of Brexit and Trump on International Marketing

Impact of Brexit and Trump on International Marketing â€Å"In light of the Brexit and other political events in 2016, discuss the possible implications for companies international marketing strategies.† Introduction The world as we know it, is changing. In light of the previous years, humanity has witnessed severe changes in the political arena around the world. The election of Donald Trump as the 45th president of the United States (U.S), the referendum in the United Kingdom (U.K), the failed Coup in Turkey, the breakup of the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Rise of the Far-Right in Europe are just some of the major political events that will change and reform the world dramatically imposing changes in businesses international marketing strategies (Foster, 2016; Lindsay, 2016). Amendments in the political scene trigger changes in all aspects of everyday life, with the impact of these alterations depicted in economy, business, society and even in climate. In this paper, an analysis will be conducted to examine the relation between marketing strategy and politics and how they affect the international marketing strategy in terms of standardization or adaption, along with possible alterations in the marketing mix. Furthermore, an attempt will be made to discuss the possible impact that important political events, such as Donald Trump’s presidency and Brexit, had on companies’ strategies. Relations between political environment and businesses In recent decades, the world has observed the globalisation and democratization of markets, a phenomenon that enabled companies to transcend borders and entry international markets (Czinkota, 2016). As Theodosiou and Leonidou (2002) claimed, the globalisation and democratization of international business scene is related moderately to the liberation of trading, which has changed the way companies and marketers design and implement their international strategies. Reduced domestic growth and excessive domestic competition are further reasons for firms moving into foreign markets (Kotler et al., 1996). As companies gain more knowledge and experience in international operation, they progress through stages of internationalization following the Upsala Internationalization Model (Keill0r, Boller & Luke, 1998). In other words, companies had to assess if they will comply with a standardization approach or adapt their strategies in cross-border countries. The former approach was led by: the similarities of countries due to the globalization of markets, the update and expansion of international communication channels and the birth of Internet, while the latter underlined that companies should acknowledge and adapt to the variations amongst different countries (Theodosiou & Leonidou, 2002). Kottler et al. (2011) claim that businesses’ decisions on which market they will enter, and by what means, are based on the evaluation and ranking of several factors. One of them is the risk of the political power that each country and government has. According to Ghauri & Cateora (2014), the importance of the political power over companies can be understood by the recognized authority that each government has, to control and restrict companies’ operations, by either offering support and encouragement or by implementing restrictions in the mode of expropriation, import restrictions (to protect their own industries), confiscation, domestication, price controls etc. It is then clearly understood, that the political environment places power on businesses and plays a great role in international companies’ operations and margin.    Indeed, ‘the ideal political conditions for a foreign firm is a stable and friendly government’ (Ghauri & Cateora, 2014: p.91). Both political climate and continuity of the set of rules established in a country are essential elements of the cultivation of good relations between companies and governments in a mutual beneficial and prosperous way. As Agawal & Feils (2007) suggest, ‘Political risk is highly relevant factor during the pre-entry and post-entry stages of the â€Å"process† model of internationalization.’ (p.166). Therefore, it is ideal for multinational companies to rely on stability to, sustainably, expand and invest. As mentioned, political changes have a great impact on the company’s decisions and marketing strategies. In fact, changes in the political scene have reflections into more factors than just trading policies. When a new government introduces import restrictions and trade tariffs, it affects the prices of goods, since companies trade expenses are increasing (Mor, 2017). In addition, additional border checks make the transport and distribution of commodities slower and more expensive. However, the introduction of tariffs is followed by a variety of non-tariff technical barriers, such as different product standards in labelling, packaging and safety (Mor, 2017). Combining all these together, it is obvious that not only are all four P’s in the marketing mix affected, but also the strategy which is designed by the marketers (Baines, Fill & Rosengren, 2017). Furthermore, apart from the impact to the global economy, political changes affect currency power. To be more precise, changes in governments which influence stock markets and trade, affect the value of the currency (Samson, Wigglesworth & Bullock, 2017), since its depreciation causes the equilibrium in trade to collapse (Melvin & Sultan,1990). Indeed, the value of each country’s currency affects the exchange rates followed by changes in import and export expenses, effecting the company’s competitiveness in foreign markets (Cox, Chu & Rodionova, 2017). Nevertheless, companies, in order to minimize the impact of the political uncertainty and risk, will reassess and readjust a great part of their international marketing strategy, which is thus how they enter the markets, choosing a safer path than the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Indeed, ‘the higher the degree of country risk, the greater the probability is that exporting (contractual agreement) rather than FDI as a market entry strategy will occur at the early (late) standardization phase.’ (Malhotra, Agarwal & Ulgado, 2003: p.19). In other words, FDI implies a ‘higher level of commitment’ (Keillor, Boller & Luke, 1998: p.2). Impact of political events in international marketing strategies Donald Trump Presidency One of the events that altered modern history is the election of Donald Trump as the 45th president of the U.S. Donald Trump promised a series of political changes with effects extending to businesses and trade, such as reducing corporate taxes by 20%, investments in infrastructure, cutting the trade deficit to enhance job creation within the U.S and the creation of a ‘border tax’ for the companies that trade commodities outside the U.S to the U.S (BBC News, 2017). Trump’s aggressive political strategy, his order to withdraw the U.S from the Trans-Pacific Partnership, failure to effectively renegotiate the North American Free Trade Agreement, and establish fair trading relations with China, has reformed America’s marketing climate. International marketing will experience a great hit, since Trump’s strategy is basically introverted. Trump’s policy leans toward domestically-orientated companies which are expected to succeed in favour of higher economic growth and protectionist trade policies (Samson, Wigglesworth & Bullock, 2017). Trade between the U.S and international companies will be affected since trade restrictions will be imposed and renegotiations will change the way commodities are distributed inside and outside the U.S. Asia and Latin America will be affected the most, while tariffs could jeopardise the exporting of their goods to the U.S. Indeed, according to FXCM (2017), imposed tariffs in imports will pressure multinational companies to relocate production facilities and readjust the distribution channels. China will face the biggest threat since the U.S is the largest market for Chinese commodities; receiving 18% of China’s exports. There are winners and losers of Trump’s policies. In accordance to Milne (2016), pharmaceuticals such as Pfizez, oil & gas companies like Continental Resources are among the sectors that will benefit from Trump’s strategies based on his campaign. However, U.S carmakers who place their production outside the U.S such as GM, Cadillac, Ford and Japanese carmakers, are expected to be affected by the pricing strategies to foreign exchange rates. Furthermore, retailers and consumers will have a significant impact, since his policies will affect their expenses, trade agreement and supply chain; ‘could destroy the cross-border trade between the U.S and Mexico in high fructose corn syrup’ (Milne, 2016). To conclude, by imposing taxes and tariffs, standardization becomes adaption in the biggest world market and the domestically-oriented strategy affect the way marketers place and promote products in this market, insinuating changes in the marketing mix. Moreover, the U.S will affect the marketing strategy of international companies towards this market and they will put pressure to the potential entry of new companies. FDI is now a risk. By implementing new regulations and trades agreements international companies will observe a rise in their distribution expenses towards the U.S, affecting their margin. In order for these companies to survive in this market, they will have to increase prices which will pose a reduction to the consumption of their products, since natives will be attracted by domestic substitutes with lower prices, resulting in a possible loss of their competitive advantage (Milne, 2016). However, in order to maintain or minimize their profit decline, companies will ei ther try to negotiate with the U.S on their trading terms or in the worst-case scenario, costly relocate their activities and abandon this market. Brexit Within the scope of the biggest and most important referendum of modern history, British people voted for the U.K to leave the E.U, in an act that reflects that British people are not keen on accepting the migration tendency and people’s diversity (Czinkota, 2016). According to the same author, Brexit carries the burden of a future conflict within not only the E.U but also between the U.S, weakening their relationships. The importance of Britain’s businesses is reduced, while the British pound has reached its lowest level in the last 31 years (Market Inspector, 2017). As Brexit happened, the country fell into political uncertainty and turbulence. Financial Times (2016) proclaim that Britain is not ready to absorb the consequences of Brexit since the scene is still unclear. In the light of this uncertainty though, not only the U.K’s economy, but also businesses domestically and internationally are affected (Watts, 2017). The impact is great since, in accordance to Market Inspector (2017), exports will be affected if they leave the E.U without negotiating a new trade agreement-imposing tariffs-, resulting in a potential loss of U.K businesses’ competitive power in the E.U and global markets. Furthermore, the loss of access into the Single Market and higher trade tariffs will decrease the FDI flow in the U.K by 22%, a figure which may not be realistic due to the uncertainty of the future trading relations (Market Inspector, 2017). Based on Bowler (2017), the fall of the pound benefited the exporting activity, but it also made travel into international destinations less affordable for the British public, but more affordable for the inbound tourists. However, the worst impact of the pound’s decline was observed in terms of import expenses; a major factor in the U.K’s car industry and in the food and drinks sector (Cox, Chu & Rodionova, 2017). In addition to the general norm of Brexit, some companies already witnessed Brexit’s consequences and took premeasures in order to prepare for the upcoming changes, as depicted in the table below: Figure 1 : Companies Statements of Action in light of Brexit. (Source: Market Inspector, 2017) However, as suggested in Market Inspector (2017), despite the loss of negotiation power within the E.U, the U.K will possibly acquire more control over negotiation with countries outside the E.U, which will allow a fresh start for business deals with countries all over the world, exploring trades with China in a greater extent. By negotiating freely with other countries on its own terms, Britain can capitalize on new trading deals which will benefit international markets. The report produced by Irwin (2015) claims that Brexit exposed several countries in different magnitudes such as the Netherlands, Ireland, and Germany, due to their alignment with the U.K trading policies, while ‘export, supply chain, investment and policy interests of many large corporates would be adversely affected’ (p.39). Similarly to the situation in the U.S, international companies which operated using the U.K as their base or were relying on the U.K’s business economy and economic importance, now face threats and have to be proactive for the future. This implies that marketers should now adjust their strategies to be relevant to the future agreement that the U.K will have with Europe and the world in general. Adaptation is gaining ground since Britain’s referendum was a clear sign of a form of xenophobia and introversion (Czinkota, 2016). Since new trade deals will be imposed and new non-tariff technical agreements will be made (Mor, 2017), product’s place, promotion and price will change, consequently marketers have to readjust not only the new elements of the marketing mix to be effective and competitive, but also the way they enter the market, by reassessing exporting and the advantages of FDI. Conclusion To conclude, an analysis of the relation between politics and international marketing was conducted. Radical changes in the political scene can occur in the most stable governments and are translated in changes in the business world. Tariffs, taxes, boarder checks, non-tariff technical barriers and exchange rates imposed by the new governments according to their campaigns and beliefs, reflect in a business’s international marketing strategy, as the liberation of the markets is now being narrowed and limited. 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